单位:中国中医科学院西苑医院检验科 当前新型冠状病毒疫情仍在全球蔓延,新的新冠病毒变种层出不穷,给抗击疫情带来一个又一个的挑战,因此充分了解和把握感染新冠病毒及变异病毒患者的临床特点显得十分重要。 国内有文献指出[1] 新冠肺炎(COVID-19)患者凝血检验指标异常与不良预后密切相关,大部分死亡病例存在DIC,动静脉血栓的发生率也显著高于一般住院患者,凝血紊乱可能是患者死亡和病情恶化的主要原因之一。国外也有研究显示[2],COVID-19患者与止血障碍和高血栓形成风险有关,出凝血功能障碍和血栓栓塞事件是新型冠状病毒肺炎的严重并发症。本文从实验室角度出发,对COVID-19患者普遍出现的凝血功能变化特征进行简单介绍和归纳总结,希望能够帮助临床新冠病毒及变异病毒有更深的认识,从而对COVID-19患者进行更有效的管理。
二、 COVID-19患者凝血相关实验室指标的变化
诸多文献[9, 10]通过分析COVID-19患者实验室相关参数发现重症患者的纤维蛋白原水平明显升高。Zou Y[11]等对303例COVID-19患者凝血功能进行相关分析,显示有5.7%的轻症患者纤维蛋白原水平>7.0g/L,而有19.1%的重症患者纤维蛋白原水平>7.0g/L。但有研究表明患者处于晚期时,由于纤溶系统的激活可能会导致纤维蛋白原水平有所降低,从而纤维蛋白降解产物增加[12]。 PT延长也是提示COVID-19患者可能存在凝血紊乱的指标,且已被证实与不良预后相关[10, 13]。COVID-19凝血功能紊乱早期,患者PT多正常或轻度延长,而高凝期的PT延长通常提示外源途径凝血因子的激活、消耗,以及纤维蛋白聚合减慢,因此它也是预防性抗凝的指征之一[1]。 有文献指出APTT在凝血紊乱高凝期多维持在正常水平,在一项涉及296名COVID-19患者(其中17名非幸存者)的回顾性研究中,发现非幸存者组的PT高于幸存者组,但APTT低于幸存者组[14]。这可能与病毒感染内皮细胞后导致 FVIII水平反应性升高有关[15, 16]。 除以上常规凝血指标外,COVID-19患者的血小板计数和功能、凝血因子活性、抗凝蛋白水平、凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物(TAT)水平、纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物(PAP)和组织型纤溶酶原激活物-抑制剂复合物(tPAI-C)[17]等凝血项目也会发生不同程度的变化,临床上应该选择恰当的凝血指标,密切监测患者凝血状态的变化,从而尽早识别患者的凝血紊乱,对其进行静脉血栓风险评估。 三、 COVID-19患者DIC的诊断
四、 总结
【参考文献】 [1]费阳, 唐宁. 凝血检验在新型冠状病毒肺炎凝血病中的应用. 中华医学杂志. 2021;25(101). [2]Hardy M, Lecompte T, Douxfils J, et al. Management of the thrombotic risk associated with COVID-19: guidance for the hemostasis laboratory. Thrombosis journal. 2020;18:17. [3]Colling ME, Kanthi Y. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms. Vasc Med. 2020;25(5):471-8. [4]Iba T, Levy JH, Connors JM, et al. The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):360. [5]Gao Y, Li T, Han M, et al. Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):791-6. [6]Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. [7]Zhang L, Yan X, Fan Q, et al. D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(6):1324-9. [8]Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S, et al. ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1023-6. [9]Thachil J, Agarwal S. Understanding the COVID-19 coagulopathy spectrum. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(11):1432-6. [10]Long H, Nie L, Xiang X, et al. D-Dimer and Prothrombin Time Are the Significant Indicators of Severe COVID-19 and Poor Prognosis. BioMed research international. 2020;2020:6159720. [11]Zou Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, et al. Analysis of coagulation parameters in patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. Biosci Trends. 2020;14(4):285-9. [12]Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. [13]Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. [14]Wang K, Zuo P, Liu Y, et al. Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of In-hospital Mortality in Patients With Coronavirus Disease-2019: A Cohort Study in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2079-88. [15]Luigi C. Preliminary Post-Mortem COVID-19 Evidence of Endothelial Injury and Factor VIII Hyperexpression. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;8(10). [16]Goshua G, Pine AB, Meizlish ML, et al. Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(8):e575-e82. [17]Tang N, Bai H, Xiong D, et al. Specific coagulation markers may provide more therapeutic targets in COVID-19 patients receiving prophylactic anticoagulant. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(9):2428-30. [18]Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. [19]Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, et al. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(6):e438-e40. [20]全军重症医学专业委员会, 宋景春, 王岗, et al. 新型冠状病毒肺炎重症患者相关凝血功能障碍诊疗专家共识. 解放军医学杂志. 2020;4(45). |